INTEVIEWER AND INTERVIEWEE

Interviews are auditions. Interviewer and interviewee have the stage on which to present themselves.At the interview - the candidate is in their interviewee role. They represent themselves - with confidence or otherwise. There is a major theatrical component.





SKILLS REQUIRED FOR AN INTERVIEWER

To be an effective Grid interviewer, you need the skills and understanding described below:

Understanding.

Enough understanding of, and commitment to, Kelly’s core values and the way that Grid gives expression to them; and enough of the basics of Personal Construct Theory to help you in planning and analysis. You don’t need in-depth study of PCP to be a good Grid interviewer, but you do need to know that Grid was designed to give expression to a special way of understanding one another.
Interview Design.

The ability to design an interview protocol, from the universe of options available to you, which will support the purpose for the particular interview(s) and – where applicable – the project you have in mind. Designing a protocol means specifying the element class; the elements and how they will be created; the purpose for the interview; the qualifiers, which direct the interviewee to focus on the elements in a way that supports the purpose; and, crucially, the method(s) of analysis you will use. Don’t assume that you can leave the choice of analysis until later.
Interpersonal Skills.

The interpersonal skills needed for the interview. In some ways this is a different set of interpersonal skills than those you would use in a counselling or fact-finding interview – in particular, you need to suppress everything you may have learned on an ‘active listening’ course, to repress the urges you may have to summarise or re-phrase what the interviewee says, and to be unafraid of silence. Also, in the early stages of your experience with Grid, you need to manage the process of capturing the data – into a computer, which Enquire Within® supports, or on cards – without being clumsy.
Feedback skills.

When and how you use these depends on the nature of your interview. In a counselling interview or similar, you might be incorporating feedback into the interview itself. On the other hand, there are some types of project where your main feedback could be to a group of managers. Good feedback, especially face-to-face, means that you have learned the art of silence (see the point above); you also need the capacity to analyse the interview as it happens, although you may do more detailed analysis later.
Analysis skills. There are many different ways of analysing Grid data – and by no means all of them depend on using a computer – but you need to analyse what you have discovered, in terms of your purpose.
Imagination and Inventiveness.

Finally, as you become more practised, you should hope to acquire some imagination and inventiveness. You should know which rules you can break, if breaking them suits your purpose and you understand the consequences of breaking them. You should be able to develop more than one configuration to meet your purpose, which is possible in many cases. You’ll learn how to manage difficult interviewees, break log-jams, be able to spot when the interview is going off-course and adapt accordingly.

What to Avoid

You Ask the Wrong Type of Questions

During a one-on-one interview, it is helpful to ask open questions that allow the candidate to cite examples from previous experience, discuss points in more detail, or explain how their abilities are suited to the position. Asking yes/no questions is not nearly as useful; they can hinder the flow of conversation and provide little scope for further discussion.

You Spend Too Much Time Talking

One-on-one interviews can often be dominated by the interviewer’s voice, with the job specification, business profile, and administrative issues accounting for too much of the interview. An interview is primarily an opportunity to learn more about the candidate. Thus, allow the candidate to do most of the talking. Get a good sense of the candidate’s communication skills and their ability to speak under pressure. Use open questions and leave time at the end of the interview for the candidate’s questions.

You Neglect to Minimize Disruptions

Disruptions can jeopardize the success of an interview, causing both the interviewer and candidate to lose track of the discussion and key points. To ensure a successful interview free of disruption, conduct it in a private, quiet room and notify colleagues that an interview will be taking place. Turn off cell phones, laptops, and other potentially-disruptive devices, and allow enough time so that other scheduled interviews do not overlap.

Impact of Written communication in Corporates...

Impact of written communication
Written communication involves any type of interaction that makes use of the written word. It is one of the two main types of communication, along with oral/spoken communication. Written communication is very common in business situations, so it is important for small business owners and managers to develop effective written communication skills. Some of the various forms of written communication that are used internally for business operations include memos, reports, bulletins, job descriptions, employee manuals, and electronic mail. Examples of written communication avenues typically pursued with clients, vendors, and other members of the business community, meanwhile, include electronic mail, Internet Web sites, letters, proposals, telegrams, faxes, postcards, contracts, advertisements, brochures, and news releases.

Ironically, the importance of good writing skills in the business world has become more evident even as companies rely increasingly on computers and other new technologies to meet their obligations. Indeed, business experts warn that any business's positive qualities—from dedication to customer service to high-tech expertise—will be blunted to some degree if they are unable to transfer that dedication and knowledge to the printed page. "Whether you are pitching a business case or justifying a budget, the quality of your writing can determine success or failure," wrote Paula Jacobs in InfoWorld. "Writing ability is especially important in customer communication. Business proposals, status reports, customer documentation, technical support, or even e-mail replies all depend on clear written communication."

Corporate communication involves much more than just motivating employees and dispensing good PR. It represents a tool to be leveraged­­ and a process to be mastered. The Power of Corporate Communication shows managers and executives how to communicate effectively with fellow employees from the mailroom to the boardroom, and even between organizations and across industries. Fully accessible and refreshingly nonacademic, it creates an easy-to-follow map of the world of corporate communication, with workplace-tested approaches for addressing common challenges.
The power of corporate communication show managers and executive how much to communicate effectively with fellow employees from the mail room to the board room and even between organization and across industries Effective communication requires a carefully formulated and implemented program.


The Communication Process:
=====================

The basic process of communication begins when a fact or idea is observed by one person. That person (the sender ) may decide to translate the observation into a message, and then transmit the message through some communication medium to another person (the receiver). The receiver then must interpret the message and provide feedback to the sender indicating that the message has been understood and appropriate action taken.
As Herta A. Murphy and Herbert W. Hildebrandt observed in Effective Business Communications, good communication should be complete, concise, clear, concrete, correct, considerate, and courteous. More specifically, this means that communication should: answer basic questions like who, what, when, where; be relevant and not overly wordy; focus on the receiver and his or her interests; use specific facts and figures and active verbs; use a conversational tone for readability; include examples and visual aids when needed; be tactful and good natured; and be accurate and nondiscriminatory. Unclear, inaccurate, or inconsiderate business communication can waste valuable time, alienate employees or customers, and destroy goodwill toward management or the overall business.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Written Communication:

One advantage is that written messages do not have to be delivered on the spur of the moment; instead, they can be edited and revised several times before they are sent so that the content can be shaped to maximum effect. Another advantage is that written communication provides a permanent record of the messages that have been sent and can be saved for later study. Since they are permanent, written forms of communication also enable recipients to take more time in reviewing the message and providing appropriate feedback. For these reasons, written forms of communication are often considered more appropriate for complex business messages that include important facts and figures. Other benefits commonly associated with good writing skills include increased customer/client satisfaction; improved inter organizational efficiency; and enhanced image in the community and industry.

There are also several potential pitfalls associated with written communication, however. For instance, unlike oral communication, wherein impressions and reactions are exchanged instantaneously, the sender of written communication does not generally receive immediate feedback to his or her message. This can be a source of frustration and uncertainty in business situations in which a swift response is desired. In addition, written messages often take more time to compose, both because of their information-packed nature and the difficulty that many individuals have in composing such correspondence. Many companies, however, have taken a proactive stance in addressing the latter issue. Mindful of the large number of workers who struggle with their writing abilities, some firms have begun to offer on-site writing courses or enrolled employees in business writing workshops offered by professional training organizations, colleges, and community education programs.

E-Mail Communications:

Electronic mail has emerged as a highly popular business communication tool in recent years. Indeed, its capacity to convey important corporate communications swiftly and easily has transformed it into a communications workhorse for business enterprises of all sizes and orientations. But many users of e-mail technology pay little attention to basic rules of grammar and format when composing their letters, even when they are penning business correspondence addressed to clients, customers, vendors, business partners, or internal colleagues. This sloppy correspondence reflects an "astonishing" lack of professionalism, wrote Sana Reynolds in Communication World: "We seem to have been seduced by the ease and informality of the medium to produce messages that ignore the rules and conventions usually in place when producing hard copy. We send out messages with grammar, usage or spelling errors…. In the name of speed, we throw caution to the winds and forget sentence patterning, paragraphing, and other conventions that make messages intelligible, creating unattractive and impenetrable data dumps."

Given this unfortunate trend, many business experts counsel companies to install firm guidelines on tone, content, and shape of e-mail correspondence. These guidelines should make it clear that all employees are expected to adhere to the same standards of professionalism that (presumably) remain in place for traditional postal correspondence. Proper spelling and grammar and the ability to frame correspondence in suitably diplomatic language should be hallmarks of electronic mail as well as regular mail, especially if the communication is directed at a person or persons outside the company.

The Importance of "writing":

• Some of the most basic tips to remember when writing include:
  Avoid slang words
  Try not to use abbreviations (unless appropriately defined)
  Steer away from the symbols (such as ampersands [&])
  Clichés should be avoided, or at the very least, used with caution
  Brackets are used to play down words or phrases
  Dashes are generally used for emphasis
  Great care should ALWAYS be taken to spell the names of people and companies correctly
  Numbers should be expressed as words when the number is less than 10 or is used to start a sentence (example: Ten years ago, my brother and I…). The number 10, or anything greater than 10, should be expressed as a figure (example: My brother has 13 Matchbox cars.)
  Quotation marks should be placed around any directly quoted speech or text and around titles of publications
  Keep sentences short
  While these tips cover the most common mistakes made when writing letters, memos and reports, they in no way cover everything you need to know to ensure your written communications are accurate and understood.
  
  
  
  

Business reports & different types of reports...

Business Reports
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The word ‘report’ is derived from the Latin ‘reportare’ which means to carry back (re=back+ portare = to carry). Generally a report is a description of an event carried back to someone who was not present on the scene. Thus in a broad sense, many memorandums, letters and news items are called as reports. When an instructor prepares a list of absent students or an analysis of an examination result, or when a technician fills in the form of readings taken from a measurement, he is writing a report. Such reports are the result of careful investigation, sound thinking, logical organization and clear writing and they are presented in a conventional form sanctioned by long and varied experience.

A number of reporters have made an attempt of knowing the absolute meaning of the report. Let us consider some of these:

· A report is an account of something. It is usually an answer to a question or a demand from some other person from information.
· A formal report, that are present in organized form the information that has been requested by an authorized person.
· A report is a communication from someone who has information, to someone who wants to use that information.

There are some essential points implied in the above definitions. They are as follows:

1. A report is a formal statement of facts or information or an account of something
2. It is presented in a conventional form.
3. It is written for a specific audience.
4. It contains conclusions reached by the writer.
5. It often includes recommendations.

DEFINITION:
----------------
A report is a formal communication written for a specific purpose; it includes a description of procedures followed for collection and analysis of data, their significance, the conclusions drawn from them, and recommendations, if required.

Different types of Reports:
---------------------------
Generally business reports are categorized into two ways. They are oral and written. An oral report is a piece of fact-to-face communication about something seen or observed. Though it saves the reporter’s time, it is more time-consuming for the receiver as he has to listen to every word of the report.

Reports:
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Oral
Written
Formal
Informal
Informational
Interpretive
Routine

A written report is relatively more accurate and permanent. In certain cases the reader may just skim through it, or read the abstract or the conclusions or recommendations only. It can be referred to again and again and is by its very nature more formal than an oral report. written report is then divided into two types. They are as follows:

· Formal report.
1. Informational.
2. Interpretive.
3. Routine.
· Informal report.

Formal reports vary a great deal according to their purposes and contents, and different organizations have different ways of classifying them. some classify them according to their source or frequency of appearance, others by their length or degree of formality or physical form.

Informational report:
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An informational report contains only the data collected or the facts observed in an organized form. It presents the situation as it is and not as it should be. It does not contain any conclusions or recommendations. It is useful because it presents relevant data put together in a form in which it is required by the management to take decisions.

Interpretive report:
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An interpretive report, like an informational report, contains facts but it also includes an evaluation or interpretation or analysis of data and the reporter’s conclusions. It may have recommendations for actions. An interpretive report which consists principally of recommendations is also called a recommendation or recommendatory report.

Routine report:
----------------
All that the report writer has to do is to put a tick mark against certain items listed in the form or write very brief remarks against them. These reports are written usually for recording routine matters at regular intervals, e.g. confidential reports on employees, periodic reports on the progress of projects, reports on inspection of equipmendations also, they are called as Routine reports. Routine reports are further divided into many types. They are as follows:

· Progress reports,
· Laboratory reports,
· Inspection reports,
· Inventory reports.

Progress reports:
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The frequency of progress reports depends upon the practice followed in an organization. They may be written and circulated at the end of each phase or a specified period of time or completion of a stage of work. If they are prepared at regular intervals, they are called as periodic reports. They contain the following information:

· Date, Total work to be completed.
· Work completed to date, work to be completed.

Laboratory reports:
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A laboratory report is an account of various steps, findings and conclusions put together in a logical order. As a matter of fact, no scientific experiment can be considered valid unless it is presented in terms intelligible to other scientists. Thus, writing laboratory reports is considered to be an essential part of scientific investigation and experimentation. These reports contain the following elements:

· Heading, Experiment No.,
· Date,
· Statement of analysis,
· Apparatus used.

Inventory reports:
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It is customary for every organization to take stock of equipment, furniture, stationery, etc. at regular intervals. The person who checks the stock fills in his findings in a prescribed form.

e.g. White paper-10 reams
Letterheads-500
Typing paper-4 reams
Carbon paper-2 boxes
Pencils: Black-3 dozens
Red-2 dozens.

Different types of communication styles

October 15, 2007.

Different types of Communication style

Basically in the current business environment, there are importance of communication styles. There are four types of communication styles present in day-to-day business life. When it comes to professional business communication, you will be able to better understand your own communication style and improve your business relations. Moreover, you will identify various communication types in other people and be able to better communicate with them by adapting and / or modifying your own communication style.

What Type Of Communicator Type Are You:
People have different communication styles in today's busy world of business. Some people like to start off approaches with 'small talk', establishing rapport, and just getting to know you. Still others, those who are high level multi taskers, enjoy getting right down to business. They will provide a logical and sequential flow plan with supporting arguments and evidence. Then, there are the people who use communication to get straight to the point. You know the type. The ones in business who've already made up their mind and yours too.
Four types of communication styles according to business:
There are four important types of communication styles according to the business situations in the current situations all around the world. They are as follows:

· The Feeler.
· The Logic Thinker.
· Mr.Multitask.
· The Planner.

1) The Feeler:

The Feeler communication type is what you'll find in the younger generation crowd. The new employees just getting their feet wet and trying to strike gold in the minds of the big bosses with innovative ideas. The only problem is, these office pioneers might strike out too many times with their proposals and end up on a silver platter.The emotional Feeler type of communication can be for some the easiest to adapt to.
They are also known as the Office Pioneer. The Feeler will be most persuaded not by logic, but by the emotional impact that they receive with interpersonal communication. The Feeler is sold with emotion, and will justify their purchase decision with logic. They focus on how you respond and how others react. The Feeler pays big attention to non verbal communication.

2) The Logical Thinker:
A Logical Thinker communication style is pretty obvious. These are the types of men and women strutting around the office. They are also the most admired type of thinker. Often, they are the managers and key decision makers in your office. They believe the most effective communication style will be presented in a logical manner with supporting documents. The Logical Thinker will seek approval for a set of ideas from his or her peers.
They are also known as Boss of the company. Feelings and personal opinions matter little to the brute Logical Thinker. They are looking for the truth in their frame of mind. They want to know the cold hard facts and never rely on gut feelings.

3) Mr.Multitask:
Mr.Multitask is generally called as the Office Juggler. The office juggler will more than likely drop a few balls or flying torches on your feet every once and awhile. They are the type of communicator who takes pride in being able to do as many things as once. The multi-tasker is the first one in a meeting to sprout a proposal to an emergency.

4) The Planner:
A planner will develop an indetifiable and reachable plan. The planner will help a business by increasing productivity and enabling proper resource allocation. Planners need charts, models, patterns, plans, and dates to be communicated with effectively.

Four types of communication styles according to Personality:

our personality types tend to fall into a maximum of 16 types. The most common and easiest to remember breakdown is of four personality types. They are as follows:

· Controller.
· Promoter.
· Supporter.
· Analyst.

1) Controller:

Controllers are also known as Drivers seldom listen to others around them, focusing on the task at hand. Only need to know what, usually can figure out how and why. They have the personality traits like:

· Accomplishment oriented.
· Assertive.
· Control oriented.
· Type A personality.
· Hard working.
· High energy.
· Innovative.

2) Promoter:

Promoters tend to not like isolation and will tend to vie for attention. Tend to exaggerate and or leave out facts and details. They have some personality traits like:

· Artistic.
· Creative.
· Communicators.
· Dreamers.
· Motivators.

3) Supporter:

Supporters tend to yield rather than deal with a possible confrontation. Have the ability to blend into any situation well. May appear wishy-washy at times. Difficulty with making firm decisions. Many are music, poetry, and art lovers. They have some personality traits such as:

· Followers.
· Good listeners.
· Highly sensitive.
· Insecure and likes reassurance.
· Kind-hearted.

4) Analyst:

Analyst will tend to withdraw themselves and quietly gather information rather than make a quick decision. They can have a difficult time making decisions without all the facts. Make great accountants and engineers. They may have tendencies toward being highly critical. They are having some traits like:

· Cautious.
· Conservative.
· Detail oriented.
· Follows directions.
· Logical.

Put Communication Style to Work:

To establish rapport with the different personality styles requires matching the communication style with the personality.

1. Determine the tendency of your own personality.

2. Determine what the personality style of those being spoken to.

3. Increase or decrease the communication style qualities within your speech to match those being spoken to.

Appreciation about News in the Hindu(07/10/2007----13/10/2007)

OCTOBER 7, 2007.

Headlines:

· Musharraf wins presidential poll.

· Seven militants, two jawans killed.

· Job cuts loom over tirupur

“ I deserved more from McLaren ”

In shanghai, last Sunday Fernando Alonso criticize McLaren Mercedes severely. He expected more from the English team and his boss Ron Dennis. He said that, I was expecting a lot more, we all were. He also qualified for Chinese grand prix for the forthcoming Sunday. He also said that, “Not a double champion, but a normal person”.
He also said that he had spoken with all other persons like David coulthard, Juan Pablo Montoya, kimi raikkonen and he found that all were left their teams and had a lot of happiness. There must be some reasons for all the facts. He had his own philosophy and all understood it.
Alonso has a contract with McLaren for the next two years, admitted he don’t know if he would be in the team in 2008.There are ten teams that could be interested in him. He could be gracious in defeat, if team-mate Lewis Hamilton become the first to win the title. Alonso added, “I think he deserves it if he wins it in the end”. He said that ,“if I don’t win this year its because someone has scored more points than him”.

Other important news:
1. Jones- from grace to disgrace.

2. National Investment Fund launched.

3. Government amends local body Acts.


October 8, 2007
Headlines:

· BJP formally parts ways with JD(S), submits letter to governor.

· Sonia defends nuclear deal.

· Madurai prison guard suspended.

· ‘Sound of the Silent’ set to allure the hearing impared.

“Tribals now eco-tourist guides”

Measures to protect environment, create employment

Theni: Tribals ,who once wandered in interior forests to collect forest produce and firewood for their livelihood, have become eco-tourism guides and protectors of the environment at Kumbakarai Falls, a popular tourist attraction of the district. Over 100 tribal residents of Indira nagar, all members of village Forest Council have been deputed as eco-tourism guides to maintain the Kumbakarai Falls site, regulate tourists and keep the surroundings clean. Eco-guides will also act as eco-guards, preventing tourists from entering danger zones.
Uniforms and identity cards will be given to them. They will also be trained in giving first-aid, the DPO said. Toilet facilities, a bathing ghat, dress changing room and dinning shelter will be created for tourists.

Other important news:

1. Indian medicine seats go abegging.

2. Senior citizens demand national policy implementation.

3. Dudhwa tiger count by Year-end.



October 9, 2007
Headlines:
1. Kumaraswamy resigns…..

2. Karat meets Pranab, Sonia on nuclear deal.

3. India and the IAEA safeguards agreement.

“Taiwan to unveil missiles”

Taiwan is to unveil for the first time two locally developed missiles in a show of strength this week. Taiwan has developed a long range missile capable of striking china’s financial centre and biggest city, shanghai. Taipei plans to eventually deploy 500 Hsiung Feng 2-E cruise missiles to counter some 800-plus Chinese missiles based across the 160-km-wide Taiwan strait. The military will unveil the supersonic Hsiung-feng 3 brave wind ship to ship and the Tien kung 3 sky bow missiles at coming Wednesday’s national day parade, said Defence minister Lee tien-yu.
Chang Li-teh said that, with a range of at least 130 km, the Hsiung-feng has been designed to counter the Russia-made SS-N-22 sunburn bought by china. He is the managing editor of the Taipei-based defence technology.

Other important news:

1. U.S. markets opened up for Indian investors.

2. Diamond bourse coming up in Mumbai.

3. Concern for Musharraf’s security.



October 10, 2007.
Headlines:

1. President’s Rule in Karnataka.

2. Remote controlled operation of irrigation systems planned.

3. Left hopes government will not proceed with talks on nuclear deal.

“They shrank the hard disk”

Physics Nobel for work that led to information technology breakthrough à
Stockholm: Albert Fert of France and Peter Grunberg of Germany won the physics nobel prize for their pioneering work that led to the miniaturized hard disc.
Professor Fert, 69, and Professor Grunburg, 68, were highly praised for their discovery in 1988 of a principle called giant magnetoresistance, or GMR.
It is considered as the first application of Nano technology. It leads to diminishing of electronic devices.
The first read-out head based on Fert and Gruenberg’s technology was launched in 1997, and has been a standard in industry since then.
Working independently, they discovered that minute magnetic changes, in materials made of very thin layers of various metallic elements, lead to huge differences in electrical resistance. These differences lead to changes in the current in the readout head, which scans a hard disc to spot the ones and zeros in which the data are stored. The read out head isthus able to read smaller and weaker magnetic areas and this sensitivity means more information can be packed more densely on the hard disc.

Other important news:
· Batting will hold the key for Indians.

· Rupee recovers initial losses.

· Karunanidhi targets BJP on Ramar Sethu.



October 11, 2007.
Headlines:

· Two-phase polls in Gujarat, Himachal.

· Advocates to continue indefinite court boycott.

· Plans to ease traffic in Coimbatore City.

“Chinese students turn to South Indian Universities”

137 out of 300 who are in India have joined VIT university:

Out of about 300 Chinese students who arrived in India this year for pursuing higher education, 137 have enrolled for various courses at VIT university. An informal chat with some of these students revealed their eagerness to study computer science and commerce, the most sought after fields in china. According to Sathyamoorthy, chairman of SIETA addressed that as many as 101 students have joined in Mysore university and 60 students joined in Bangalore university. He also said that, “ we want to create a platform to bring together Chinese and Indian universities for educational exchange programmes, which will be beneficial to students of both countries”.

Other important news:

1. From Vizag, around the world.

2. AIADMK to hold public meetings.

3. Reopen road that passes through Kodanad estate.



October 12, 2007.

Headlines:

· Two killed in blast at Ajmer dargah.

· Karunanidhi puts proposal on hold.

· Fiyadeen strike at CRPF camp in J & K.

“No Threat to government”
Pawar, Lalu à

Nationalist Congress party and Rashtriya Janata Dal chiefs Sharad Pawar and Lalu Prasad on thrusday asserted here that there was no threat to the United Progressive Alliance government. The two had come to attend their party functions. Mr. Pawar said that, as poor prophecy the observation of Leader of the opposition in the Lok sabha L.K. Advani that there would be a snap poll in the first half of 2008. Mr. Prasad said there was no chance of a mid-term poll ,as talks with the left.

Other important news:

1. Aussie pace battery leaves India shell-shocked.

2. Turkey slams U.S. passing of “genocide” bill.

3. Salem division to become fully operational from Nov.1.



October 13, 2007.
Headlines:

· Manmohan, Sonia rule out early polls.

· Blood storage centres to reduce maternal mortality.

· Nobel Peace Prize for Gore, U.N. climate agency.

“102 litres of petrol, boat spares seized”

Ramanathapuram: Marine commandos of the Indian navy on Friday seized 102 litres of petrol and a bag of boat spares near Kothandaramar Temple, a remote beachfront in Rameswaram.
The seized materials were handed over to customs officials for further investigation. The circumstances under which the cans were seized showed they were meant for the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealem. The personnel, patrolling off the Rameswaram coast, noticed a group of persons near the beach. As they approached them the group fled, abandoning two cans containing petrol and other materials. He said that all mechanized and country boats of the place operated on diesel. Petrol could not be used in the beachfront area. This showed that it was meant to smuggled into Srilanka.

Other important news:

1. No fireworks sale on road, in public places: High Court.

2. Inzamam bids goodbye to international scene.

3. An honour for IPCC scientists: Pachauri.